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Getting Started in Legal Research: A Guide for the Average Joe or Jill


Central Library / State Library Resource Center

You ran a red light, and now you’ve got a traffic ticket. Or you are trying to figure out whether your boss should be paying you overtime. Whatever your problem, there’s a good chance that there are laws and regulations that apply to your situation. It’s important to understand them, regardless of whether you decide to hire an attorney.

Though the Enoch Pratt Free Library cannot provide legal advice, we can certainly help you answer basic legal questions by using print and online information resources. Our favorites are listed here. We’ve organized this guide by topic:

Before You Start Your Research

Many people begin their legal research by diving into an all-purpose Web site such as Nolo, Findlaw, Cornell University’s Legal Information Institute, or the University of Pittsburgh’s JURIST. But actually, you might need to use many different resources. If you’ve never done any legal research and you’re not sure where to start, a “how-to-do-research” guide might help.

The best guides, such as Stephen Elias’ and Susan Levinkind’s Legal Research: How to Find and Understand the Law (Berkeley: Nolo. SSH K75.E46Q) will not only tell you which resources to use, but also teach you why and how to use them.

If you are visiting a law library (either in person or on the Web), the library might also have a “pathfinder” (a handout or bibliography) you can use. One good example is Boston College Law Library’s Research Guides.

Try to “classify” your legal problem. You need to do this because depending on your type of legal problem, there may be entirely different resources you need to use. Several key questions to ask are:

It’s also important to know (or to figure out) whether “the law” on your topic was established: 

Getting Started: Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, and Law by Topic

Dictionaries and Encyclopedias

When you’re looking for “the law” on a certain subject, try to find a definition or a general introduction to the topic. Three places you can look in are:

For a lengthier introduction to a topic, a better source is a legal encyclopedia. For example, you can use:

Law by Topic

Sometimes, you can find an entire book just on your topic. The Pratt Library owns many publications to help with this including ones by the following publishers:

You can see what books we own by looking at our PrattCat Web catalog.

Depending on the subject, topical law books can be found in several departments within the Pratt Library. If you can’t find what you’re looking for, be sure to ask a librarian for help!

Here are some examples of topical law books that Pratt owns:

There are also some high-quality Web sites dedicated to particular areas of law. The Pratt Library links to many of them from its Areas of Law page available from the Pratt Subject Guides

What Do These Weird Letters and Numbers (Citations) Mean?

Suppose that you’re researching the law surrounding the federal “drug-free communities” initiative, and you find something helpful in the U.S. Code. What information should you write down, so that you and others will be able to find the law again easily?

Or, imagine that you are looking up information on public defenders in a legal encyclopedia. You see a reference to a court case, “GIDEON v. WAINWRIGHT, 372 U.S. 335 (1963).” How do you find this case?

You need to understand “legal citations.” A legal citation is a kind of shorthand in a standardized format, which tells you exactly where a certain law or case has been published.

Legal citations can be complicated. Some reasons for this are:

Each law and court case has a unique citation. If you are trying to find a statute or regulation, the citation usually contains (not always in this order):

So information on the federal drug-free communities program that you were reading would be cited as “21 U.S.C. § 1521”.

If you are trying to find a court case, the citation includes (usually in this order):

So, “GIDEON v. WAINWRIGHT, 372 U.S. 335 (1963)” means that the case Gideon versus Wainwright, decided in 1963 by the U.S. Supreme Court, is published in volume 372 of United States Reports, on page 335.

Whether you want to cite a source correctly or decode a given citation, the Pratt Library can help. In the Social Science and History Department, you’ll find

If you are looking for an online resource, the Association of Legal Writing Directors (ALWD) has published a Citation Manual that is intended for lawyers, paralegals, students, professors, and others who are writing about the law. The Appendices to the Manual are available for free online, and are helpful to anyone who is trying to decode an abbreviation (see especially Appendix 1, “Primary Sources by Jurisdiction”). Another helpful site is Maryland State Law Library’s List of Common Legal Abbreviations.

Understanding Legislative Law

For a legislative bill to become enacted (passed and signed) into law, it has to go through many steps. At each step, information about the bill may be recorded in any of a number of publications. Put very simply and generally:

This process can vary. If you want a more detailed explanation, see the following sites:

Finding Laws Made by the U.S. Congress

If you are interested in a federal law that you know is on the books, you should be able to find it in the United States Code (SSH KB102.A2), published by the Government Printing Office.

You can also find the U.S. Code in a number of places online. 

If you are interested in a federal bill that is currently being considered by Congress (but hasn’t been signed into law yet), the Library of Congress’ Thomas Web page is the best online resource.

If you’d like to use a printed source to track the progress of a federal bill, try the Calendar of the House of Representatives and History of Legislation (known as the “House Calendar”).

Finding Laws Made by the Maryland General Assembly

If you want to find a law that you know is in effect, you can find it in the Maryland Code.

For retrospective laws, you will need to look at the Laws of Maryland (MD XKB581.A3 1777-present). There are several indexes for laws passed by the Maryland General Assembly that can be useful for finding retrospective law by different topics. They include:

If you are looking for a law that has been proposed but not yet enacted, you will need to search the Maryland General Assembly's Web site.

You can also begin to track legislative history in print by using

The Department of Legislative Services Library and Information Services can also provide additional information about Maryland legislation.

Finding Laws Made by Maryland Municipalities and Counties

Local municipalities, such as Baltimore City, have their own laws, which can be found in the City or County Codes.

Understanding Executive Orders and Regulations

The executive branch of a government – which enforces laws made by the legislative branch – can issue “orders” or “regulations” that have the force of law. Regulations often give specifics on how a law is to be implemented, and they can be very detailed.

The following government bodies have the power to give orders and regulations within their respective geographical and bureaucratic jurisdictions:

Finding Presidential Executive Orders

If you are looking for an executive order that has recently been issued, you can try the White House’s Executive Orders page. Another option is the Federal Register, a printed resource which is published daily (Monday through Friday) and is also available online.

The Federal Register is the official “newspaper” of the federal executive branch.

For older executive orders, start with the National Archives and Records Administration’s Executive Orders Disposition Tables, which offers information about every federal Executive Order from President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1937) to the present.

Finding Regulations from U.S. Government Agencies

You can also use the Federal Register to find proposed and new regulations of U.S. Government Agencies.

Finding Maryland Executive Orders

If you are looking for an executive order issued by the Governor of Maryland, you can find them in the Maryland Register.

Finding Maryland Regulations

Proposed and pending Maryland state agency regulations can also be found in the Maryland Register.

Understanding Judicial (Case) Law

When you are trying to answer a legal question, you must also understand how the courts tend to interpret the laws that pertain to your situation. This is important because a given law or regulation might be understood in a variety of ways.

As Stephen Elias and Susan Levinkind explain in their book Legal Research: How to Find and Understand the Law (SSH K75.E46Q, pg. 7/13): “[If] you can find a previous court decision that rules your way on facts similar to your situation, you have a good shot a persuading a judge to follow that case and decide in your favor.”

Finding Federal Cases (U.S. District Courts and U.S. Courts of Appeals)

When most people think of a federal court, they think of the U.S. Supreme Court.
In fact, only a small number of cases ever reach the Supreme Court. 

The federal judiciary system consists of:

Federal cases are typically heard and decided in these “lower” courts. 

Maryland has two U.S. District Courts (a “northern” division in Baltimore, and a “southern” division in Greenbelt) and is part of the federal 4th Circuit, whose Court of Appeals is in Richmond, VA. If you do not live in Maryland, you can find the federal courts in your circuit through theU.S. Courts - The Federal Judiciary Web site.

If you don’t know the citation for a federal case, use West’s Federal Practice Digest. The Digest has indexes (“tables”) that allow you to look up by plaintiff or defendant name, or by words and phrases. The Digest is divided into four series, which cover federal case law from 1939 to the present.

If you are looking for a U.S. District Court decision, you can find it in print in a set called the Federal Supplement (SSH XKB121.F45), published by West Group. U.S. Courts of Appeals decisions are collected in another bound set called the Federal Reporter (SSH XKB121.F4).

Findlaw.com is an excellent online source for finding recent U.S. District Court and U.S. Courts of Appeals decisions. Through this site, you can reach the Web pages of U.S. District Courts, which are listed alphabetically by state. Once you click on the desired state, you may be able to find opinions, though each court’s Web page is organized a little differently!

Findlaw also has U.S. Circuit Court cases from 1996 to the present. After you’ve chosen one of the Courts of Appeals, browse cases from that circuit by date (year and month). You can also search for cases by docket number, party name, or words in the full text of the decision.

Finding U.S. Supreme Court Cases

If you know the correct citation for a Supreme Court case, there are two print sources you can use to find the full text of the decision.

If you are looking for an online source, try the Supreme Court Opinions page at Findlaw.com.

Finding Cases Decided by Maryland State Courts

Maryland court cases are not universally available, and depending on which court the case was tried in, you may find it difficult to obtain the case law.

Maryland case law is published in three different reporters. 

Now that you know where Maryland case law is published, you are probably wondering how you can find case law you need. There are several ways to find case law by topic.

Finding Legal Forms and Contracts

Many of the topical law books listed above contain relevant legal forms and contracts, written for the “Average Joe.” But if you still can’t find the form or contract you need, try one of these books:

Although these series are arranged by subject, start by looking in the “index” volumes.

Remember, though, that most formbooks are not written with Maryland’s specific laws in mind. Pratt’s Maryland Department owns many different formbooks that cover a wide variety of legal forms specific to Maryland law. Some of the more popular formbooks include:

Maryland legal forms can also be found online in a variety of different places.

Getting Legal Help

Even though we can help you find relevant information in print and on the Internet, Pratt’s librarians cannot give you legal advice. You especially need to speak with an attorney if you have questions like:

Before you hire or meet with a lawyer, read up on how to work with a lawyer to resolve your case. At Pratt, you can find several books that can help, including:

Once you’re ready to find an attorney, there are a lot of places you can look besides the yellow pages.

For Marylanders, another resource is the Maryland State Bar Association’s Maryland Lawyers’ Manual (XK39.M35). 

If you are looking for a legal referral service for another state, you can use the American Bar Association’s Legal Referral Services page – just click on a state on the map to find contact information for a service near you!

If you can’t afford a lawyer, you might be able to find a “pro bono” service.

If you are thinking about representing yourself, you might want to read Paul Bergman and Sara Berman-Barrett’s Represent Yourself in Court: How to Prepare and Try a Winning Case, 4th ed. (Berkeley: Nolo, 2003). SSH KB185.P7B47 2003Q 

Other Law Libraries You Should Know About

The Enoch Pratt Free Library’s law collection can help answer some basic questions relating to U.S. (federal) and Maryland laws and court cases. However, if you need to use law journals or Lexis/Nexis, or you want to find the laws of other U.S. states or countries, you should visit more specialized libraries.

Some courts have law libraries that you can use (for instance, you can visit the State Law Library within the Maryland State Courts of Appeals building in Annapolis).

Also, many law schools have libraries that are open to the public. In the Baltimore area, both the University of Baltimore Law Library and the University of Maryland's Thurgood Marshall Law Library allow the general public to use at least some of their resources.

If you are not from Maryland, you can find a law school in your state through the Association of American Law Schools - http://www.aals.org/about_memberschools.php.

Contacting Us

This guide should enable you to start your legal research. We have many other resources that can help, so let us know how we can assist you!

For U.S. (federal) laws and court cases, and general legal information:

Social Science and History Department
Enoch Pratt Free Library
State Library Resource Center
400 Cathedral Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
Telephone: (410) 396-5321
Fax: (410) 396-1431
E-mail: ssh@prattlibrary.org

For Maryland laws and court cases:

Maryland Department
Enoch Pratt Free Library
State Library Resource Center
400 Cathedral Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
Telephone: (410) 396-5468
Fax: (410) 396-9537
E-mail: mdx@prattlibrary.org

 

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